The joint mantle plume/hotspot hypothesis envisages the feeder structures to be fixed relative to one another, with the continents and seafloor drifting overhead. The hypothesis thus predicts that time-progressive chains of volcanoes are developed on the surface. Examples are Yellowstone, which lies at the end of a chain of extinct calderas, which become progressively older to the west. Another example is the Hawaiian archipelago, where islands become progressively older and more deeply eroded to the northwest.
Geologists have tried to use hotspot volcanic chains to track the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates. This effort has been vexed by the lack of very long chains, by the fact that many are not time-progressive (e.g. the Galápagos) and by the fact that hotspots do not appear to be fixed relative to one another (e.g. Hawaii and Iceland).
ICELAND
Iceland hotspot (14)
64°24′N 17°18′W [12]
Eurasian Plate, w= .8 az= 075° ±10° rate= 5 ±3 mm/yr
North American Plate, w= .8 az= 287° ±10° rate= 15 ±5 mm/yr
Possibly related to the North Atlantic continental rifting (62 Ma), Greenland.
